International Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Law - Research Paper Example Goliath and Junior are correct because their trade policies cannot be termed as monopolies outside the United States. Cayman Islands (Junior, Ltd.) is a foreign company and is, therefore, not subject to the laws governing trade in the United States. Goliath Inc is also not liable to the law suit being supported by the United States since its contract with Junior Ltd does not affect the American market. Regulations concerning price fixing are normally applied internationally. However, when there are laws that seek to restrict price fixing to national sovereignty, challenges arise in finding out whether Goliath and Junior violated the anti-trust law (Mann and Barry, 2004). The major controversy arises due to the applicability of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to foreign businesses. It is true that Goliath was in contract with a company of foreign origin. However, its market is outside the United States. It is, therefore, difficult to enforce the law to the international market (Hylton, 2003). The geographic market is very important in determining whether the two companies engaged in illegal dealings. According to the act, the confines of the market are only within the United States. The market in which companies sell their products should be national, regional or local but not global. Goliath Inc. and Junior Ltd. have not committed any crime by engaging gin contracts that may affect the international market. The United States government should only be concerned if the operations of the two companies are affecting the national and interstate markets. The market in which an organization, for instance, Goliath Inc. and Junior Ltd. serve is not limited by transportation costs, the kinds of service, or product they sell and the geographic location of their competitors. Different countries have different laws concerning market monopolies. It is, therefore, difficult to find Junior Ltd with any wrong doing since the company is registered in line with

Juvenile Deliquency, argument style essay Research Paper

Juvenile Deliquency, argument style essay - Research Paper Example Family problems and a low economic status are other contributing factors. Mentoring and evaluation programs should be started for the delinquents to overcome this issue. Parents and family members should also be guided to be supportive of these children. Thesis Statement: Juvenile delinquency is a serious societal issue that has many underlying risk factors and thus it should be tackled with the different management strategies to reduce its prevalence Juvenile delinquency Crime is one of the most dangerous factors that affect society today. An even more shocking fact is that it is not only adults who commit this act of violence, but adolescents well under the age of eighteen as well. Such adolescents are generally referred to as juvenile delinquents. There are not one but two definitions of the term ‘juvenile delinquency’ which are the legal definition and the social definition. With the help of these definitions and knowledge of all the risk factors that contribute to v iolence in youngsters, juvenile delinquency can be predicted well before a crime is committed by a juvenile. Juvenile delinquency is a serious societal issue that has many underlying risk factors and thus it should be tackled with the different management strategies to reduce its prevalence. There are many complexities involved when defining juvenile delinquency. ... The specific actions that represent juvenile delinquency vary from country to country. Some countries even have policies stating that juveniles who commit extreme act of violence should be treated as adults-they should not be shown any leniency by the court. For example, youngsters at the age of ten and above are considered as accountable to their actions as a mature adult by the criminal law in England. On the other hand, according to the social definition, juvenile delinquency is defined as the huge number of behaviors and acts of young children and adolescents which are condemned by society. However, in this sense, any disapproving act of a youth will be termed as juvenile delinquency. For instance, a youth who behaves rudely in front of guests may be termed as a delinquent by parents, although the court would ignore the problem as no laws were broken by that youth. A youngster-or juvenile-does not become an official delinquent until labeled as such by the juvenile court (The Guar dian 2012; Regoli et al 2008). A risk factor is a term that applies to incidents that occur prior to-and predict-a later consequence. There are various risk factors involved in juvenile delinquency. The biological factor implies that violent youths or delinquents tend to have low resting heart rates, which indicate low autonomic arousal, like boredom and/or fearlessness. Such youths have the urge to seek excitement and take risks in order to increase their levels of stimulation. Furthermore, studies show that boys with a high level of the hormone, testosterone, after gaining puberty, are more likely to be violent. These biological factors are difficult to quantify accurately and may occur chiefly in interaction with psychological and social

The Concept of Liberty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Concept of Liberty - Essay Example They re used to derive property implictions nd to solve philosophicl problems ssocited with this conception of liberty. In the following pper I would like to discuss the concept of liberty s it is presented by severl reserches. First I will define the generl concept of liberty s it is viewed by the generl socil community, then I will discuss the views of severl uthors s for the liberty concept. Finlly I Will mke the conclusions nd summrize the reserched pper. 'Liberty', in its most generl sense, signifies the bsence of some sort of constrint on something. The topic here is interpersonl liberty: the bsence of initited constrints on people by other people; or, more precisely, people intercting voluntrily without constrining, interfering with, or imposing upon ech other - except to prevent or redress initited constrining, interfering, or imposing. s 'imposing' seems the most generl of these terms, I shll stick with tht s long s it withstnds criticism. Positively inititing n imposition on nother is to be contrsted here with merely withholding ssistnce, or with defense or redress (so not just nything tht nyone else might do could be described s 'imposing'). This sense of 'liberty' is supposed to be the opposite of subjection nd oppression: it is individul sovereignty. It is bout the voluntry interction of persons rther thn selfish individulism, s its detrctors sometimes misrepresent it. This is the liberty of libertrinism, clssicl liberlism, nd much - though not ll - common sense. s fr s I cn tell, no one hs hitherto provided n dequte ccount of liberty in this sense. This filure is prticulrly striking nd ironic mong those clling themselves 'libertrins'. I shll ttempt cler, or t lest clerer, wy of expressing this ide tht is cpble of deling with vrious problems.number of reserches nd politicins in different wys interpret the concept of liberty. I will tke look t severl of them so tht them in my further reserch. Isih Berlin presents two concepts of liberty through which he plces the freedom of judgment in reltionship to them, nd lys out some dvntges of liberty bsed on judgment over the other two concepts. One wy of tking Berlin's distinction is to mke it debte over the importnce of politicl prticiption. Berlin himself llows for number of other wys to put the distinction, but describes the centrl issue dividing the two concepts s follows: Liberty in [the negtive] sense is principlly concerned with the re of control, not with its source. Just s democrcy my, in fct, deprive the individul citizen of gret mny liberties which he might hve in some other form of society, so it is perfectly conceivble tht liberl-minded despot would llow his subjects lrge mesure of personl freedom. Self-government my, on the whole, provide better gurntee of the preservtion of civil liberties thn other rgimes, nd hs been defended s such by libertrins. But there is no necessry connexion between individul liberty nd democrtic rule. The nswer to the question "Who governs me" is logiclly distinct from the question "How fr does government interfere with me" It is in this difference tht the gret contrst between the two concepts of negtive nd positive liberty, in the end, consists (Berlin, 2002). Mny hve red Berlin s n updted version of Benjmin Constnt, who put mtters similrly. Constnt distinguished between the liberty of the ncients nd the liberty of the moderns, sying tht "n Englishmn, Frenchmn, nd citizen of the United Sttes" understnds liberty to

Organizational Behavior & Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizational Behavior & Leadership - Essay Example Employee 1 therefore works even during the weekends in order to try to get the bonus. This type of power makes the performance of individuals start going down due to the extreme pressure and stress they encounter. Legitimate power is the power that an individual acquires as a result of the position he or she is in. The individual’s decisions are therefore based on that power and cannot be questioned. The marketing manager of employee 1 exercises the legitimate power accorded to him as a result of his position as a manager to make employees work more than the forty hours stipulated. The manager of employee 3 also uses his power to make employee 3 a team leader. Referent power is the one possessed by an individual that makes others want to be like him or her and be similar to the individual. In the company’s situation, employer 3 has referent power and it is evident by the way his fellow colleagues want to be like him and be similar to him and therefore emulate all the decisions made by him. This type of power motivates the other employees and in the long run performance improves in the organization and so does the interrelationship between the employees and employer. The other base of power is the expert power. This power is exercised by an individual who has knowledge and skills in a particular area and he or she knows that people need the expertise. In this case, employee 2 has this sort of power because he is the only certified public accountant in the organization and therefore uses this to make the rules that about his work schedule and the manager has to comply. The individual may misuse this power since they know the target have no other alternative. The last is the reward power where an individual holds this power based on reinforcing or promises to reinforce the target group. The manager of employer 1 has this power due to the fact that he promises a reward at the end of the year to the

Technology Implementation Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Technology Implementation Paper - Essay Example Human capital is the most important factor in the organization’s success therefore, it is important that the staff feels comfortable with the implementation of new technology at workplace and they believe that the new technology implementation will be equally beneficial for them as much as it is beneficial for the company. This can be possible by providing the employees with all the information about the new technology and involving them in the decision making process, which will give them the sprit of ownership which will motivate them to actively participate in the new technology implementation (Garber, pp. 6-12). Organizational culture plays an important role gaining the competitive advantage since the employees feel comfortable working in the company, there is a low rate of employee turnover, and such employees are motivated to work well. The managers need to realize that the organizational culture should emphasize on learning new things by providing continuous training an d coaching. The employees must be motivated to learn new things and go for trainings by showing them how these training and learning will be beneficial for them and how the training benefited their seniors who also went trough the trainings programs and learning new technologies. There is a possibility that the staff may not be happy about new technology implementation, as it will require them to spend time on learning it and their routine might be disturbed. Moreover, they might think that this will not be of any benefit for them. The manager should arrange a meeting before actually implementing the new technology and inform the technical staff about the pros and cons of the new technology (Garber, pp. 6-12). They should make an impressive presentation showing the innovative features of the new technology they are going implement. The manager should make sure to attract the employees by informing them about the advantages of using the new technology for the company as well as for t he employees. Technology usually makes the work simpler therefore; the employees feel threatened of loosing their jobs, as new technology requires less human capital. The manager should satisfy the employees by answering all such questions that might be disturbing them that might be affecting their work. Manager should ensure their job safety, which will automatically bring them at ease in accepting the new technology (Holley, Jennings, Wolters, pp. 337-339). It is important that the manager gives timeline for the implementation of the new technology so that the employees prepares for it and starts working accordingly. The manager must inform the employees well ahead what they expect from them so that they plan their work according to the goals that they set with their manager. They should inform the employees about the training hours they will need to attend in order to learn how to implement and use the new technology and the input and output of training they are going to receive. Although attracting the employees towards the new technology is important but the manager must make sure that, they do not make any promises that they cannot fulfill or give them any unrealistic information about the new technology as it might result in the dissatisfaction of employees in long term and the employees might

John F. Kennedy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

John F. Kennedy - Research Paper Example He served in the House of Representatives as well as the United States Senate before being elected as president in 1960. The Kennedy Presidency was marked by several very important domestic and international events. The foreign policy of the Kennedy administration was dominated by Cold War threats from The Soviet Union and the escalation of the conflict in Vietnam. Domestic issues that occupied the administration centered on the poverty that still existed in much of the United States, especially in rural areas. Early in his presidency, Kennedy met with Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of The Soviet Union. Khrushchev was a strong willed individual that liked to bully other visiting heads of state. Kennedy was no exception. He left the summit with the Soviets frustrated and upset. Soon after this, the Soviets announced that they would establish official relations with East Berlin. This enclave of Soviet control had been in limbo since the end of World War II. Many Germans fled from East t o West Berlin. To stop this, the Soviets erected a wall through Berlin. The West portion of the city was cutoff and isolated. The Kennedy administration did not give in to the demands of the soviets that America abandon West Berlin. He stood his ground and his approval rating soared (Daum 2008, p. 19). The Cuban missile crisis was also a situation where President Kennedy took the nation to the brink of nuclear war and came out more popular than ever. The United Stated discovered that the Soviets were putting offensive missiles on the island of Cuba in the Caribbean. These missiles could be equipped with nuclear warheads that could reach as far north as Washington DC and possibly New York City. The missiles were arriving on Soviet ships, so the United States blockaded the island and started to search all Soviet ships headed towards Cuba. The Soviets were furious, but many nations in the Americas felt that President Kennedy was doing the right thing (Byrne 2006, p. 26). The standoff e nded by the Soviets stating they would no longer deploy missiles in Cuba and the United States promised never to invade Cuba. Secretly, the United States removed some outdated missile batteries from Turkey to further appease the Soviets. Domestic issues of the Kennedy administration focused on civil rights and the elimination of poverty. The historical record is mixed for President Kennedy’s domestic agenda. Civil rights were becoming important to many Americans. In the south, Kennedy needed to keep white, southern lawmakers on his side so some of the poverty reduction legislation he was championing could pass (Rosenberg et al. 2004, p.133). At the same time, he was getting pressure to forge closer ties with civil rights leader Martin Luther Kin Jr. The problem with getting too close to Martin Luther King Jr. was the fact that he was known to have communists as friends, associates and advisors. This was not acceptable politically. As a result, Kennedy is not viewed as being v ery successful in the area of Civil Rights. He forced educational institutions in the south to desegregate. But this action cost him the votes he needed to pass legislation to help the Appalachian region develop a modern economy. Another domestic initiative that occupied the Kennedy presidency was increasing America’s presence in space. The successful launch of Sputnik by the Soviets convinced many Americans that they were falling behind when it came to technology.

The Emergent Threat of Bio-Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Emergent Threat of Bio-Terrorism - Essay Example This paper weighs the pros and cons on whether al Qaeda or any other international terrorist group indeed has the motivation and capability to develop and use bio-weapons to carry out their missions of terror against the civilized world. If biological weapons represent the new threat to world peace and security that it is feared to be, we need to examine the desire and capability of authorities to deal with this yet to be experienced challenge to existing health and defense systems. Together with chemical and nuclear weapons, modern biological weapons are commonly classified as weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and have been used as such on many occasions in the past. Biochemical weapons may appeal to terrorists for three major reasons: 1) they are easier and cheaper to acquire than nuclear devices and cause more casualties; 2) their effects on target population are hard to detect and counter; and 3) the threat of their use causes fear, which element the terrorists love most (Danitz, 1998, p. 3). The use of bio-weapons actually goes back to the siege warfare in Medieval Ages, among which was the recorded attempt to spread disease through dead horses at northern France in 1340. In 1346, cadavers of plague victims were dumped on the defenders at Caffa in Crimea, while human and animal manure was used at Karlstein in Bohemia in 1422. The most successful was said to be the bio-attack at Caffa, where a large number of the defenders came down with the Bubonic plague (Wheelis, 2002, p. 12). On the American frontier, some of the disease outbreaks between the 18th and early 20th centuries might have been deliberately instigated (Fenn, 2000). The best documented of those early bio-attacks took place at Fort Pitt in Pennsylvania at the height of the Pontiac rebellion in 1763, when British troops gifted the Fort Pitt defenders with blankets and handkerchiefs from smallpox patients. The latter-day known incident of that nature happened between 1957 and 1965 when land speculators and corrupt agents of the Brazilian Indian Protective Service introduced smallpox, measles, flu and tuberculosis into the American Indians on the Amazonian basin. For smallpox, fomites were used and for the other diseases the culprits had the sick whites mixed with tribe members (Wheelis, 2002, p. 13). War records starting from the American Revolutionary War to the Cold War era also reveal the extensive use of bio-weapons. There was the story of how British troops attacked the Continental Army in Boston and Quebec on several occasions with smallpox by driving infected civilians into the enemy fold. In World War I, the Germans waged a covert bio-attack by having secret agents inject anthrax and glanders cultures into farm animals penned for shipment to Allied countries. Japan resorted to the same tactic during World War II mostly against the Chinese. In the 1942 Chekiang campaign, for example, retreating Japanese agents poisoned wells, sprayed the ground behind them with microbial cultures and left infected foodstuff for the