Saturday, November 30, 2019

New Burger King Seven Incher Ad Report free essay sample

Advertising has a big effect on selling products or propagandizes. That’s why; companies and organizations start to increase their advertising expenses. A research made in 1985 indicates that in 1983, companies worldwide spent $19,837,800,000 on advertising. In 1984, $23,429,700,000 was spent and in 1991, about $52 billion was spent on advertising by companies. This shows us that companies understood that advertising is the best way of selling. All of these companies want to make their advertisements effective and memorable, but what makes an advertisement memorable? An illustration, a headline and a copy can make an advertisement incredibly memorable. The first feature, which makes advertisements effective, is an illustration. An illustration has a great effect on advertisements. They can easily make them memorable. First, the size of the illustration is very important for effectiveness of the illustration. The size of the illustration should be between 1/4 and 2/3 of the page such as 66% of top-scoring advertisements. So you can put headline and copy on the blank side of the page. We will write a custom essay sample on New Burger King Seven Incher Ad Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, inad, advertisers used 2/3 of the page as an illustration. Secondly, the subject of the illustration is very important to capture customers. Most (36%) of the top scoring ads uses the technique of borrowed interest. For instance,   uses borrowed interest. In headline it says, †, that’s why, advertisers used a woman, which look like a surprised. To conclude, an illustration may make an advertisement such as, very effective with its size and subject, but there are more can make an ad memorable. The second feature that makes an ad memorable is a headline. A headline has a great effect on stopping power. It makes people stop and read the rest of the ad. So people may buy the product. First, the size of the headline is very important to make a headline memorable. It should not be very small or very big. The top scoring ads use commonly half inch or in rare cases less than half-inch headlines. For example, in ad, advertisers used a headline, which is 2. 5 inches. First row of the headline is written bigger than the second row, because advertisers wanted to make both rows in the same width. Second, the length of the headline is as important as the size. If the length of the headline is too long, people may easily forget it or don’t want to read it because it is long. 36% of the top scoring ads uses a headline between 1 and 6 words. So it can be memorable. For instance, advertisers used 5 words in the headline of   It is a basic phrase, which people use in their normal life. So, it is easy to remember. In conclusion, a headline is a basic way to make people remember the ad, but still there is one more thing to talk about. The last feature, which makes an advertisement effective and memorable, is a copy. Actually, copies haven’t a big effect on effectiveness, but after people stops because of the headline and the illustration, the copy becomes important. First property, which makes a copy effective, is its length. About 70% of top scoring ads have copy, which has words between 26 and 100. So people can read it easily and it will not bore them. For example, and has a copy made by 47 words. So it is easy to read and understand. Secondly, the message of the copy is a big effect on ad. Every copy has its own message. Some copies give people information about the technical specifications of the product. Some explains how to use it and some tells how the product will make you happy. The major (33%) part of the top scoring ads’ copies includes information about the usefulness of the product. So the advertisers can easily fool the customers. For instance,   ad’ copy is about effects of the hamburger on the potential consumers. To conclude, even though the copy is not very important at the beginning, it becomes very effective with its length and message. In other words, most of the top scoring ads such as   uses illustrations, which do not fill all of the page and includes the subject of borrowed interest; headlines, which are about half inch and less than 7 words and copies, the lengths are between 26 and 100 words and explains how do the products helps you, to improve their sales. However I am sure all these would change in the future such as entire page illustrations and copies less than 50 words.

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Tom Stoppard and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead essays

Tom Stoppard and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead essays Although Tom Stoppard established his reputation with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead when it was first produced in 1966, the playwright often appears reluctant to talk about his second play. Stoppard, who most critics report to be a very private person, repeatedly offers his interviewers only cryptic responses to their questions about the meaning of the piece. When asked whether or not Rosencrantz and Guildenstern embody any particular philosophy, Stoppard replied that the play does not reveal any profound theories or metaphysical insights "on a conscious level, but one is a victim and beneficiary of one's subconscious all the time and, obviously, one is making choices all the time. It's difficult for me to endorse or discourage particular theories I personally think that anybody's set of ideas which grows out of the play has its own validity." Stoppard, like many renowned playwrights before him, seems almost to delight in adopting such an equivocal stance. As he tells Rodger Hudson, Catherine Itzin, and Simon Trusslerthe editors of Theatre Quarterly in a frequently cited interview, "insofar as it's possible for me to look at my own work objectively at all, the element which I find most valuable is the one that other people are put off bythat is, that there is very often no single, clear statement in my plays." 1 Similarly, in an interview with Jon Bradshaw, Stoppard explains, "the play had no substance beyond its own terms, beyond its apparent situation. It was about two courtiers in a Danish castle. Two nonentities surrounded by intrigue, given very little information and much of that false. It had nothing to do with the condition of modern man or the decline of metaphysics. One wasn't thinking, 'Life is an anteroom in which one has to kill time.' Or I wasn't, at any rate. God help us, what a play that would have been. But Rosencrantz and Guildenstern weren't about that at all. It was about two blokes, right?" 2 Desp...

Friday, November 22, 2019

Double-Acting and Single-Acting Baking Powder

Double-Acting and Single-Acting Baking Powder If youre like me, youre lucky to pay attention to a recipe enough to notice whether youre supposed to be using baking powder or baking soda. Both ingredients cause baked goods to rise, but they are not interchangeable. Also, there is more than one type of baking powder. You can find single-acting baking powder and double-acting baking powder. You may be wondering how they are different or whether you should use half as much double-acting baking powder as single-acting baking powder. What's the Difference? You use the exactly same amount of double-acting baking powder as you would single-acting baking powder. The difference between the two types of powder is their chemical composition and whether they produce the carbon dioxide gas bubbles that make your baked goods rise when the ingredients are mixed or when the product is heated in the oven. Both types of baking powder produce the same amount of gas, so they are equally effective as leavening agents. Single-acting baking powder reacts with a water-based ingredient to form bubbles as soon as the ingredients are mixed. If you wait too long to bake your food or mix it too long these bubbles will escape and your food will fall flat.Double-acting baking powder produces some bubbles when the ingredients are mixed, but most of the rising occurs once heat is applied. This product is more reliable for home baking because it is harder to overbeat the ingredients and the recipe is less susceptible to failure if you forgot to preheat your oven. Because it is practically failsafe, this is the type of baking powder most often found in stores. Youll encounter single-acting baking powder in commercial applications, plus this is the type of powder you would make if you prepare baking powder yourself.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Comparing the philosophies in Camus's The Stranger and Frankl's Man's Essay

Comparing the philosophies in Camus's The Stranger and Frankl's Man's Search for Meaning - Essay Example Meursault is a clerk, who seems to have no feelings and spends afternoons in lovemaking and empty nights in the cinema. He reaches self-knowledge by committing a crime - he shoots an Arab on the beach without explicit reason and motivation - it was hot, the Arab had earlier terrorized him and his friend Raymond, and he had an headache. Meursault is condemned to die as much for his refusal to accept the standards of social behavior as for the crime itself. In his great work, "The Stranger," Albert Camus exposes his readers to the existentialistic parts of philosophy. The existentialism within his work shapes his characters, by determining how they will act and respond to what is going on around them. However, due to the existentialism, the character stands out in a way unique to the characters in that work. Meursault, the protagonist in "The Stranger," is an insensitive individual. He shows no feelings towards anyone throughout the novel. It is this lack of feeling that strongly reflects the philosophy of existentialism. Meursault does not feel any sensations a normal human would have with members of the opposite sex, nor does anything important seem to interest him. This lack of feeling, Meursault does realize it is a problem, for he states himself, "I explained to him, however, that my nature was that my physical needs often got in the way of my feelings.(pg 65)" also sees no reason for change in his life. The common theme is that life will be meaningless if we don't put anything into it. Another good example would be after Maman's funeral, Meursault says that, "It occurred to me that anyway one more Sunday was over, that Maman was buried now, that I was going back to work, and that, really, nothing had changed." The work of Camus show the theme of absurdity that life is meaningless by death and an individual can't make sense of his experience. Work, a home, and a girl is what Meursault has, and he feels nothing more is needed. He is very existentialistic because of his fate. When the priest asks Meursault if he would like a different life, his response was that he would like one that would be exactly the same as this current one. The fate for the rest of his life rolls a rock to the top of a mountain, then stops and watches it roll back past him. There is no way we can control our fate, because it is predetermined. When he was asked whether he would like to move to Paris, Meursault responded that "people never change their lives, that in any case one life was as good as another and that I wasn't dissatisfied with mine here at all." FRANKL'S PHILOSOPHY In general Victor Frankl sees man as a free, self-determined agent who uniquely determines the meaning of his own individual life, having the potential for either great good or great evil. He stresses man's responsibility for his own life: "things determine each other but man is ultimately self-determining" (p.157). He asks, "How can we dare to predict the behavior of man"(p. 155). Yet he cautions that "freedom...is not the last word"(p. 155) but rather "is in danger of degenerating into mere arbitrariness unless it is lived in terms of responsibleness" (p. 156). Frankl sees the primary motivation of man as "the striving to find meaning in one's life" (p. 121). This is not

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Organizational ledership at the Huffington Post Essay

Organizational ledership at the Huffington Post - Essay Example The researcher states that Arianna Huffington currently serves as President and Editor-in-Chief of The Huffington Post Media Group, which following the acquisition of her website in 2011 by AOL, includes responsibility for a number of associated online properties owned by the multi-media conglomerate. Huffington’s leadership and organization ability was clearly recognized by AOL at the time of the acquisition, and she appears to have taken on even more responsibility at the new company than she had when The Huffington Post was independent. Arianna Huffington recently became embroiled in a media turmoil related to corporate management at AOL when she effectively fired Michael Arrington, the editor and founder of the popular ‘TechCrunch’ blog which had also been acquired by AOL. Despite the widespread acknowledgement of Arrington’s conflict of interest in publishing stories on venture capital themes and start-up companies in which he was also to lead investme nt in, many analysts were surprised more by the apparent power that Huffington had acquired within AOL itself in corporate management. Arianna Huffington’s rise to power, wealth, and fame spans 60 years from her birth in Greece, education at Cambridge, and activism in conservative Republican causes for her husband in the 1980’s, to running for governor of California in the 1990’s and founding The Huffington Post in 2005. She is widely regarded to have changed the way news in published, read, and discussed with her blog and social network driven website. A review of Arianna Huffington’s life and organizational leadership style depict a portrait of an extremely powerful, well connected, and successful woman who has achieved a position of strength in America’s cultural, political, and corporate environments that few other figures in history have achieved. 2) The Current Situation of the Huffington Post The AOL Company of today, led by CEO Tim Armstron g, is a vastly different organization than the original â€Å"America Online† company that merged with Time-Warner in 2000 under the direction of CEO Steve Case. The AOL merger has become a case study in business management and is seen as one of the worst corporate management mistakes of all time. AOL emerged as the gateway to the internet for millions of first time users in the late 1990’s through its telephone-based ISP services. It has since come to be seen as one of the leading examples of the â€Å"dotcom† era, the huge speculative frenzy that coincided with the initial internet boom in the stock market. (Case, 2011) At the time of the merger in 2000, AOL had a market value of around $163 billion dollars, and was considered on equal standing with the media giant Time-Warner in value based on market capitalization. (Johnson, 2000) Nine years later, Time-Warner â€Å"spun-off† AOL from its business organization, as a new company with a second IPO, and its market capitalization was just over $3 billion dollars. (Bavdek, 2009) AOL’s dial-up based ISP business had been made nearly redundant by advances in broadband, wireless, and mobile technologies. What remains unclear is why the Time-Warner-AOL merger failed so badly, in that management was unable to bring any value from the venture or integration between all of the media channels, internet sites, and cable networks brought together under the single company organization. Instead, a staggering $160 billion dollars of market capitalization was lost or squandered by the deal through corporate managem

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Investors Valuation of Stock Essay Example for Free

Investors Valuation of Stock Essay An investor should value a stock by looking at the intrinsic value of the stock and how the market value compare to the intrinsic value. The most common mathematical method of valuing stock is to determine the price earnings ratio (P/E). The P/E ratio is calculated by dividing the share price by the company’s net income. As a general rule a P/E ratio should be in the higher teens. Stocks with a below-market P/E are considered cheaper, and a higher P/E ratio are considered expensive (Kansas, 2014). To evaluate if a stock is under or over-valued investors should look at the CAPM (Market securities Line) based on the Beta of the company and determine the performance of the stock. An investor can use indexes, such as the Dow Jones, NYSE, or SP 500, in stock valuation. Value investing is common for investors. It is misrepresentation of price so the buyer buys a stock at a lower price than true worth or sells at a higher price than true worth. Considering all variables and determining true fault in price, this method provides investors easy margins. Investors’ value stocks using various strategies and methods, but all driving factors are in hopes of gaining margin and growth of the company invested in. The concept of stock valuation is simple. However, predicting the future is not as simple and can be complicated. Market Valuation of Stock Market and investors value stock differently. The market depends on expectations and recent information available to the market. The market’s value of stock are usually based on past history and trends. Based on current economic conditions we look at the past and see how it would look going forward. Through use of charts, value lines, or other indicators, the market looks at certain things such as floors, ceiling, resistance points, when valuing stock. The stock value is a collective price based on numerous variables considered, equaling a company’s worth combined with social trends and economic factors. The most common value of a stock for the market is the open and close prices. NASDAQ uses an auction approach called opening cross and closing cross to determine stock prices (â€Å"Stock Market Prices†, 2014). The opening cross uses computer software to determine opening prices for stocks based on night trading; buying and selling of stock during close of business. The closing cross software calculates closing price based on  that day’s trades. The technology takes into consideration each trade made at the exchange and sets what is referred to as the fairest closing price. The final stock prices are released after close of the exchange and work as a main factor for night trading. The amount an investor is willing to pay is often dependent on the prices set by the market. Stock Market Prices. (2014). http://money.howstuffworks.com/nasdaq-opening-closing- cross1.htm Kansas, D. (2014). Evaluating a Stock. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://guides.wsj.com/personal-finance/investing/how-to-evaluate-a-stock/.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

The Automobile in Death of a Salesman Essay -- Death Salesman essays

The Automobile in Death of a Salesman      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In modern society, most Americans own an automobile. In the wealthier households, a family of four may own as many as three to four automobiles, one for each driver living in the house. However, the automobile has not always been a staple of living in America.   In the 1940s, a family with an automobile was considered well-to-do, as well as wealthy and hard-working.   It is during this time period that Arthur Miller’s play, Death of a Salesman, is set. Miller gives the reader a glimpse into the life of Willy Loman, and in doing so provides an intriguing insight into the common American family of the time. Willy Loman is the everyman, constantly pursuing the â€Å"American Dream.† Part of the â€Å"American Dream† constitutes owning an automobile, which the Lomans do.   However, the importance of the automobile in this play reaches far beyond ownership. In the first scene it is addressed when Willy’s wife Linda asks him worriedly if h e has smashed the car. In the closing scene, Willy commits suicide by smashing his car into a tree. In Death of a Salesman, the automobile plays a major role, functioning both as a symbol and a tangible manifestation of the â€Å"American Dream.†Ã‚      In the opening lines of Death of a Salesman, Linda Loman worries that something has â€Å"happened† to her husband Willy.   After Willy assures her that â€Å"nothing happened,† Linda asks, â€Å"You didn’t smash the car did you?†. This initial exchange sets up the significant role the automobile will have in the events of the play. In Linda’s mind, she instinctively makes the leap from a problem with Willy to a problem with the automobile. Although she is anxious about the state of the family car, Linda is not a materialistic or s... ...n depicts another outmoded character in a society on the brink of great social change.       Works Cited and Consulted:    Lhannon, Jr., W. T. Deliberate Speed: The Origins of a Cultural Style in the American 1950s. Washington: Smithsonian Inst. P., 1990.    Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. New York: Viking P, 1966.    Oakley, J. Ronald. God’s Country: America in the Fifties. New York: Dembner Books, 1990. 245.    Murphy, Brenda and Susan C. W. Abbotson. Understanding Death of a Salesman: A Student Handbook to Cases, Issues and Historical Documents. The Greenwood Press â€Å"Literature in Context† series, Claudia Durst Johnson, series editor. Westwood, CT, London: 1999.    Guth, Hans P. and Gabriel L. Rico.   1993.   Discovering Literature.   â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man† by Arthur Miller.   Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. The Automobile in Death of a Salesman Essay -- Death Salesman essays The Automobile in Death of a Salesman      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In modern society, most Americans own an automobile. In the wealthier households, a family of four may own as many as three to four automobiles, one for each driver living in the house. However, the automobile has not always been a staple of living in America.   In the 1940s, a family with an automobile was considered well-to-do, as well as wealthy and hard-working.   It is during this time period that Arthur Miller’s play, Death of a Salesman, is set. Miller gives the reader a glimpse into the life of Willy Loman, and in doing so provides an intriguing insight into the common American family of the time. Willy Loman is the everyman, constantly pursuing the â€Å"American Dream.† Part of the â€Å"American Dream† constitutes owning an automobile, which the Lomans do.   However, the importance of the automobile in this play reaches far beyond ownership. In the first scene it is addressed when Willy’s wife Linda asks him worriedly if h e has smashed the car. In the closing scene, Willy commits suicide by smashing his car into a tree. In Death of a Salesman, the automobile plays a major role, functioning both as a symbol and a tangible manifestation of the â€Å"American Dream.†Ã‚      In the opening lines of Death of a Salesman, Linda Loman worries that something has â€Å"happened† to her husband Willy.   After Willy assures her that â€Å"nothing happened,† Linda asks, â€Å"You didn’t smash the car did you?†. This initial exchange sets up the significant role the automobile will have in the events of the play. In Linda’s mind, she instinctively makes the leap from a problem with Willy to a problem with the automobile. Although she is anxious about the state of the family car, Linda is not a materialistic or s... ...n depicts another outmoded character in a society on the brink of great social change.       Works Cited and Consulted:    Lhannon, Jr., W. T. Deliberate Speed: The Origins of a Cultural Style in the American 1950s. Washington: Smithsonian Inst. P., 1990.    Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. New York: Viking P, 1966.    Oakley, J. Ronald. God’s Country: America in the Fifties. New York: Dembner Books, 1990. 245.    Murphy, Brenda and Susan C. W. Abbotson. Understanding Death of a Salesman: A Student Handbook to Cases, Issues and Historical Documents. The Greenwood Press â€Å"Literature in Context† series, Claudia Durst Johnson, series editor. Westwood, CT, London: 1999.    Guth, Hans P. and Gabriel L. Rico.   1993.   Discovering Literature.   â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man† by Arthur Miller.   Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Law and Morality Essay

There has been an ongoing debate about the relationship between law and morality. Numerous writers and philosophers have proffered arguments on how law is affected by morality. The question it is believed is no longer if morality affects law, it is to what extent is law affected by morality? And should there be any limitations on the relationship between law and morality? The law and morality conflict has been persisting for many years. Both the natural law theorists and the positive law theorists would agree that there is a relationship between law and morality. The argument has now moved to what degree morality should play in law? The obvious indication that this has been laid to rest is HLA Hart’s concession made at the onset of his book, Law, Liberty and Morality. He said that there is a definitive answer of yes, that historically and casually law has been influenced by morality. In his book Hart focused on the legal enforcement of morality and likewise this essay is concerned with that question. It is believed this is the only debatable divide between law and morality. The debate became a hot topic in the 1950’s after the creation of a commission to investigate and report back on sexual moralities. The commission led to the publication of the Wolfenden Report in 1957. The report at it outset defined the purpose of criminal law as: .. to preserve the public order and decency, to protect the citizen from what is offensive and injurious and to provide sufficient safeguards against exploitation and corruption of others especially the vulnerable, that is the young, weak in body or mind, inexperienced or those in a state of physical, official or economic dependence. The Law should not intervene in the private lives of citizens or seek to enforce any particular pattern of behaviour further than necessary to carry out the above purpose. Before embarking on the discussion proper, a definition is required for morality and for what law is. Morality according to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary is (a) a doctrine or system of moral conduct; (b) particular moral principles or rules of conduct; or (c) conformity to ideals of right human conduct. Law on the other hand is defined as â€Å"a binding custom or practice of a community: a rule of conduct or action prescribed or formally recognized as binding or enforced by controlling authority. † That is morality is not enforceable by its definition while law is. Moralities are normative rules applied to a society or a sub-group of society that does not bind them in a court of law. The only enforceability of morality by its definition is from the group applying peer pressure. There are two main schools of thought in this divide between law and morality, the natural law theorists and the positive law theorists. The natural law school bases much of their ideas of law in their religious beliefs or other transcendental force such as nature. While positivists argue that law has no necessary basis in morality and that it is simply impossible to assess law in terms of morality. Opposition Supporters of the legal positivist school, such as Hart and Mills, purports that law should be in a different sphere from morality. Utilitarianism, a subgroup of the positivism, believes that laws should only serve for the maximization of utility or happiness for the majority. John Stuart Mills said that instead of society imposing morality on members of a society, the individuals should be free to choose their own conduct. Utilitarian’s are not concerned with the morality of law. They believe that law should only play a minimal role in an individual’s life. Persons should be free to do whatever they want as long as it does not harm another. This is referred to as the ‘harm principle’. Mills said â€Å"the only purpose for which power can rightfully be exercised over any member of a civilised community against his will is to prevent harm to others†. Mills went on and said that not even for the individual’s own good should such power be exerted. This argument is rebuttable in that not because there was no immediate physical harm to another, there was no harm. It could be argued that someone taking drugs or proliferating pornography causes ripple effects that may result in harm to others. Pornography promotes women as sexual objects and thereby promotes sexual violence against women. Drug users, by their combined effect, have led to the growth of large underworlds that not only supply drugs but commits direct victim crimes such as murder. If Mills theory is to be adhered to, this would mean that even in a situation of explicit sadomasochist sexual practices that could result in the injury to participants, the law should not get involved to prevent harm. This is because the individuals consented to such acts and no one will be harmed except the willing participants. In this light R v Brown would have been decided incorrectly. Hart said that the judges in Shaw v DPP, where the defendant was convicted for conspiracy to corrupt public morals after publishing a booklet containing details of prostitutes and their sexual practices, â€Å" seemed willing to pay a high price in terms of the sacrifice of other values for the establishment or re-establishment-of the court as custos morum. † The value Hart was referring to is the legality principle of Lon Fuller. He was suggesting the ruling made the law imprecise and thereby itself immoral. Fuller suggests that for law to be moral there must be eight elements referred to as the ‘inner morality of law’ or ‘principles of legality’ or ‘procedural natural law’. The eight elements are generality, promulgation, non-retroactivity, clarity, non-contradiction, capability of compliance, constancy and congruence. These elements Fuller suggests are what a good legal system should aspire for but no one system has or is expected to perfect all elements. However, significant lack of these elements may mean that a system is an immoral legal system and could support tyranny. Fuller said that tyranny is a result of the break down of the internal morality of law and was the case in Nazi Germany. Hart made that very connection between the principles of legality and tyranny when he suggested that there was no adherence to the principles of legality in Shaw v DPP and by extent was in itself immoral law. The central problem with morality is whose morality is the right morality to enforce. Nazi Germany is the best example of law enforcing morality. This is why caution must be used with the continued growth of the court making moral judgements and pronouncing itself as the custos morum. Hart said that there are several flaws with the use of law to enforce morality and if no such enforcement exists it would not necessarily lead to the disintegration of society. He said that society can support several different and sphere of morality. What is considered moral in one country is not necessarily the same in another. On a smaller scale, what is considered moral in one religion within a country may not hold true for another, yet they can exist in relative harmony through mutual respect. He also said that by using law to enforce morality will result in the stagnating of morals in time. It is evident that morality changes with time and what was immoral years ago would not be immoral today. Sometimes the existing laws do not match changes in societal. In the case R v R, where a husband was charged with attempted rape of his wife, the existing law at the time was outdated in respect of the current moral standards of society. If the courts had followed the law as was, they would directly contradict the will of society and the husband would not have done anything illegal. In that case the court made a value judgement, one based in morality to adapt to the change in the morality of society and found that a husband could in fact rape his wife. This case demonstrates the role morality plays in law. If courts did not have any moral basis, then this may lead to disconnect between the law and society. In R v R the courts had a choice either observe an immoral precedent or to adapt itself to the changing morality of the society. Although the judges may try to propound that they only declared what the law was, this judgement is one on moral basis. Should the judges have followed the law at the time that a man cannot rape his wife? Wouldn’t that have led to an infringement on the woman’s individual right? Are judges the right people to expound morality? Supporters The idea that morality has no place in law has been refuted by many theorists such as Hyman Gross and Lord Devlin. Gross contended that Law and morality are one and the same. Laws are inherently moral and that is why acts like murder, rape and theft have been made illegal. Law and morality cannot be separated as the society creates law based on the foundation that the behaviour being address has to be immoral or undesirable by the reasonable man. The problem with this view is that this cannot explain acts that are prohibited by law but not immoral or the reverse. Sex outside of marriage brings a very strong social scourge but no one believes that adultery rise to the level for legal reprimand. Devlin argued that there is an underlying moral web that keeps society together and it should be protected by law. His approach has some aspect of social contract theory, which suggests that everyone in society is there by agreement. He said that to exist in a society there must be some general principles that members have a consensus on. It could be said to be analogous to a family. In a family there may be several different personalities, but what keep them functioning like a unit is that there are underlying similar values that act as a cohesive bond between members. Devlin said in â€Å"The Enforcement of Morals† (1959) that: â€Å"Societies disintegrate from within more frequently than they are broken up by external pressures. There is disintegration when no common morality is observed and history shows that the loosening of moral bonds is often the first stage of disintegration, so that society is justified in taking the same steps to preserve its moral code as it does to preserve its government†¦ the suppression of vice is as much the law’s business as the suppression of subversive activities. â€Å" Former Minister of Justice of Jamaica, Senator Harding, in his speech at the inaugural lecture at the Institute of Law and Economics said it would have been helpful if Lord Devlin had provided examples of some modern societies which have disintegrated because of the loosening of moral bonds. And it might be a better thing for some societies to disintegrate by loosening its moral bonds. Nazi Germany comes to mind; those societies disintegrate from within more frequently than there are broken up by external pressures†¦ Devlin said that it is morals that hold society together and should therefore influence the development of law. He goes further and said that even if private acts are considered to create sufficient public disgust, that is if the ‘reasonable’ man finds this act so unacceptable then it threatens the moral fabric of society and should be subject to criminal punishment. He describes a limit of tolerance as to how much of an immoral act society or the reasonable man can tolerate. Once society passes this limit then something must be done to intervene. Lord Devlin did not suggest that it is all immorality that should be sanctioned. He suggested that the ones that bring ‘right-minded man’ to disgust should be. It is not believed that Devlin was out of touch with the state of developing individual liberty. It is how far those individual liberties will be allowed to infringe on the general public morality and liberty? There needs to be a balance between the individual’s right and the general public’s. Lord Devlin asked if society has the right to make judgment on individual morality. He answered yes, and this seems to be the accepted approach in R v Brown and Shaw v DPP. There is no where in the past were law has developed in an abstract. Law has developed along with the social changes as R v R Devlin also proposed a guideline for the implementation of statutes. He supported individualism and suggested that persons should have the maximum amount of freedom to do as they wish, except when it conflicts with the society’s integrity. He also said that law should only be created to sanction behaviours that are gross, not just merely immoral. And finally, the law should only set the minimum basic standards expected of individuals. Conclusion Morality is important to the integration of society and if the mythical social contract theory has any weight it is in fact as Devlin suggest the web that holds it together. However, it can also be dangerous and may also be the underlying reason for actual disintegration of society as in Nazi Germany. There is no correct answer or side. The answer rest in the balance: the balance between the individual right and that of society, the balance between the positivist and the naturalist, the balance between the heterosexual and the homosexual. The individual should have the right to do as he feels but there has to be limitations. The extremes of either side of the debate are the danger zones but the answer lies in the indefinable, undiscoverable shadows of the gray that rest between the divide. Bibliography 1. MDA Freeman, Introduction to Jurisprudence 8th Edition (Sweet & Maxwell) 2. Http:sixthformlaw. info/01_modules/other_materials/law_and_morality_/08_hart_devlin. htm 3. HLA Harts, Law, Liberty and Morality (University of Stanford Press) 4. Dwight Bellanfante, â€Å"Keep the law out of Gays Bedroom† (The Jamaica Observer October 31, 2004). 5. Elliott & Frances Quinn, English Legal System 11th Edition (Longman-Pearson, UK), 6. ‘Criminal Law’, Clarkson and Keating, (Sweet & Maxwell), 2007 7. Gary Slapper And David Kelly, The English Legal System 11th Edition (Routledge, UK) Page ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Law, Liberty and Morality, H. L. A Hart, Stanford University Press, 1963. Page 1 [ 2 ]. Catherine Elliott & Frances Quinn, English Legal System 11th Ed (Longman-Pearson, UK), Page 657 [ 3 ]. http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/morality, accessed 20th October 2010. [ 4 ]. http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/law, accessed 20th October 2010. [ 5 ]. Gary Slapper And David Kelly, The English Legal System 11th Ed (Routledge, UK) Page [ 6 ]. Catherine Elliott & Frances Quinn, English Legal System 11th Ed (Longman-Pearson, UK), Pg 655-656 [ 7 ]. Law, Liberty and Morality, HLA Hart Stanford university Press, 1963, page 3 [ 8 ]. Ibid [ 9 ]. Catherine Elliott & Frances Quinn, English Legal System 11th Ed (Longman-Pearson, UK), Page 656 [ 10 ]. [1993] 2 All ER 75 [ 11 ]. [1961] 2 W. L. R 897 [ 12 ]. Law, Liberty and Morality, HLA Hart Stanford university Press, 1963, page 7 [ 13 ]. [1961] 2 W. L. R 897 [ 14 ]. Catherine Elliott & Frances Quinn, English Legal System 11th Ed (Longman-Pearson, UK), Pg 658 [ 15 ]. Ibid [ 16 ]. [1992] 1 A. C. 599 [ 17 ]. [1994] 1A. C. 212 [ 18 ]. ‘Criminal Law’, Clarkson and Keating, sweet & Maxwell, 2007 [ 19 ]. ‘Keep law out of gays’ bedrooms’ says Harding, Dwight Bellanfante, Observer staff reporter Sunday, October 31, 2004 [ 20 ]. [1994] 1A. C. 212 [ 21 ]. [1961] 2 W. L. R. 897 [ 22 ]. [1992] 1 A. C. 599 [ 23 ]. Catherine Elliott & Frances Quinn, English Legal System 11th Edition (Longman-Pearson, UK), Page 658.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Information Literacy Essay

Information literacy is an understanding and set of abilities allowing persons to â€Å"distinguish when information is needed† and have the capacity to identify, locate, evaluate, and effectively employ the needed information. â€Å". An information literate individual is someone who has learned how to learn, and is able to: ? recognise a need for information ? Establish the extent of information needed ?efficiently access the needed information ?assess the information along with its sources critically ?add in particular information into their knowledge base  ?make use of information effectively to achieve a specific purpose ? comprehend legal, economic, social and cultural matters in the use of information ? Make use of and access information ethically Information literacy is not identical to computer literacy (which involves a technological expertise to control computer hardware and software) or library literacy (which entails the capability to utilize a library’s collection and its services), even though there is a strong relationship between all these concepts. Each literacy calls for some level of critical thinking. However weighted against computer literacy, information literacy goes further than kust having access to, and knowledge of how to employ the technology, since technology alone does not assure quality learning experiences. Compared with library literacy, information literacy is above searching through an online catalogue or other reference materials, for information literacy is not a technique, but a objective for novices. Information literacy involves knowledge of the manner in which information systems work, of the dynamic bond among a specific information need and the sources and channels needed to fulfill that need. Information Literacy – Why? Information literacy necessary given the proliferation of information access and resources. People are faced with different, abundant, information choices in the place of work, in their studies as well as in their lives. Information is available throughout community resources, media, the internet, manufacturers special interest organisations, service providers  and libraries. Progressively more, information comes unfiltered. This brings up questions about authenticity, validity, and reliability. Information is also accessible through multiple media, embracing graphical, aural, and textual. These pose special challenges in evaluating, understanding and using information in an ethical and legal manner. The doubtful quality and expanding quantity of information also cause large challenges for businesses of all types, as well as for society itself. Why has the idea of information literacy taken root? The concept of information literacy has its roots in the appearance of the information society, characterized by fast growth in accessible information and related changes in technology used to create, disseminate, access and control that information. Ever since the publication of the American Library Association’s (ALA) Final report (1989), written by a group of librarians and other educationalist, the idea of information literacy has been broadly accepted. This focus in information literacy is largely a result of its strong association with the idea of permanent learning. Conclusion: Being information literate requires knowing how to clearly define a subject or area of investigation; select the appropriate terminology that expresses the concept or subject under investigation; formulate a search strategy that takes into consideration different sources of information and the variable ways that information is organized; analyze the data collected for value, relevancy, quality, and suitability; and subsequently turn information into knowledge (ALA 1989). This involves a deeper understanding of how and where to find information, the ability to judge whether that information is meaningful, and ultimately, how best that information can be incorporated to address the problem or issue at hand. Sources: 1. http://www. nap. edu/catalog/6482. html 2. http://www. ycp. edu/library/ifl/glossary. html 3. http://www. ala. org/Content/NavigationMenu/ACRL/Standards_and_Guidelines/Information_Literacy_Competency_Standards_for_Higher_Educati on. htm#ildef 4. http://www. ala. org/Content/NavigationMenu/ACRL/Publications/White_Papers_and_Reports/Presidential_Comitee_on_Information_Literacy. htm 5. http://www. nap. edu/catalog/6482. html 6. http://notes. cc. sunysb. edu/Pres/boyer. nsf/ 7. http://www. infolit. org/index. html 8. http://www. infolit. org/documents/progress. html 9. http://www. fiu. edu/~library/ili/iliweb. html 10. http://www. infolit. org/definitions/index. html 11. http://www. infolit. org/documents/89report. htm 12. http://www. ed. gov/pubs/UnderLit/understanding. html 13. http://www. bham. wednet. edu). 14. http://www. rrpubs. com/heproc).

Thursday, November 7, 2019

A Theme of Arthur Millers The Crucible Research Paper Example

A Theme of Arthur Millers The Crucible Research Paper Example A Theme of Arthur Millers The Crucible Paper A Theme of Arthur Millers The Crucible Paper The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is not an accurate historical account, but rather an accurate portrayal of the Salem witch trials of 1692 in Massachusetts. Miller makes minor changes to the events that occurred during the trials such as the genuine names of the victims, the total number of people that were executed, and the correct ages of the characters. During the time of the witch trials, people follow their strict Puritan beliefs. They believe in hard work, prayer, and Bible study, and introspection. Miller tells of how the Salem minister catches several young girls dancing in the forest. This is a sign that the girls are practicing evil, because dancing is not permitted in the Puritan faith. The witch trials were a time of much grief, because many innocent people died without proof and guilt ruined many lives. Miller tells in detail about the witch trials and how the townspeople accept guilt of witches without evidence. People use witchcraft to gain vengeance. One of the most important themes in Arthur Millers The Crucible is that good, mercy, and justice do not always triumph over evil. In his play, The Crucible, Arthur Miller describes his character Rebecca Nurse as the best example of goodness. Rebecca Nurse is well respected in the town. She is very good with children and is called every time someone is about to give birth. She is also called upon when people become ill. She offers her help to anyone that is in need of it. She is one of the strongest members in the local church. Goody Nurse is the cornerstone of the church. She is a strong Christian and follows all Christian beliefs. She dies because she is not willing to sacrifice her principles to survive. She is a good person, but this does not prevent people from accusing her of evil. Because she is accused of witchery, she is hung like everyone else. She knows that she can lie to save herself, but she wants to retain her Christian beliefs and not turn to the ways of Satan. Because she is a strong Christian, she knows that there is a higher court after death and that her final judgment will resort in her placement in heaven. This is an example showing that goodness does not always triumph over evil. In The Crucible, Miller describes the character Reverend Hale to be the best example of mercy. Hale is summoned to come to Salem to investigate witchcraft and rid the town of evil. Hale believes he is the only one who is able to recognize witchcraft When Hale arrives in Salem, he brings big, thick books along with him. The large books, that he carries, show his confidence in his ability to free Salem of witchcraft. Hale believes that justice will be served. During the trials, Hale is trying to identify who are witches and who are not by talking to the townspeople. Hale realizes that the women are beginning to accuse other people in revenge or to save themselves. Once he realizes that everyone is lying about being a witch, he leaves and goes into the wilderness to pray and seek Gods guidance. He soon returns to Salem with a change of heart. He previously tried to find the truth, but now he insists that people lie to save themselves from persecution. He tells everyone that life is more important than their personal pride. He begins to accept the responsibility for those that have previously been hung. Miller uses his character John Proctor to represent justice in his work, The Crucible. John Proctor opposes authority in Millers play. He is portrayed as the protagonist in The Crucible. He acts as an individual and breaks away from established authority. Proctor is a man of great mind and has personal integrity and uses rational thinking. He is often viewed as the voice of reason and does not believe in witchcraft. He follows Christian principles more than the other townspeople. Proctor hates that people would lie in order to save themselves. He loathes hypocrisy because they are testifying to something that is not true. Proctor has strong moral principles with one exception. Hale asks him to recite the Ten Commandments and he forgets one of them, which in his case is the most important, Thou shalt not commit adultery. He denies all accusations of his affair with Abigail until the trial. He then admits to the affair in order to save his name and his wife. His confession shows that his principles are stronger than anything else. Though John Proctor tries to do the right thing in the end, his death shows that justice does not always triumph over evil. In Arthur Millers play The Crucible tells in detail of the Salem witch trials. He describes how witchcraft became part of everyday life among Puritans, whether they want it to be part of their lives or not. He describes how people would lie to save themselves, and confess that other women were witches. The false accusations led to more hardships among family and friends. The lies ruined many lives during the Salem witch trials. Millers play was an accurate portrayal, but it is not accepted as an accurate historical account. The townspeople of Salem participated to save themselves from persecution. It is outlandish that the Puritans came to America to escape religious persecution and they are now persecuting others. Miller uses Rebecca Nurse to show us that goodness does not always triumph over evil and that even the finest people are sometimes accused of crimes. She was hung because she refused to lie to save herself. Because she was such a strong member of the church she refused to give in to the devils wishes. Miller uses Hale to show that mercy does not always triumph over evil. Hale comes to Salem to distinguish if witchcraft is present within the community. He believes that justice will be served by the courts, but his idea of justice changes at the end of the play. He becomes merciful to the people who were accused and tried to convince them to lie to save themselves. John Proctor is the example that Miller used to show that justice will not always triumph over evil. Proctor was a strong Christian and he felt that he should confess to the affair that he previously had with Abigail. He felt that he should tell the truth to possibly get his wife freed from persecution because he felt she was innocent. Miller shows that the ideals and actions of Rebecca Nurse, Reverend Hale, and John Proctor could not prevail over evil. Miller shows us that goodness, mercy, and justice do not always lead to all of the better things in life. Not all things in life go the way that is planned.

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Derecho and Derecha, Two Confusing Spanish Words

Derecho and Derecha, Two Confusing Spanish Words Two easily confused Spanish words are derecho and derecha. Both are distant cousins of the English words right and direct, and that is the source of the confusion: Depending on the context and usage, these words can carry meanings such as right (the opposite of left), right (entitlement), straight, upright and directly. ‘Derecho’ and ‘Derecha’ Explained These words are easiest to understand as nouns: El derecho is never a term of direction and is used to refer to something that is due a person according to law, moral principle or custom - in other words, a right. When used in the plural, it typically means rights such as in the phrase derechos humanos, human rights. It can also refer to a type of right that is less abstract. For example, derechos del autor (literally, authors rights) refers to royalties.La derecha refers to something that is on the right (opposite of left) side. It can refer to, for example, the right hand and the political right. The adverbial phrase a la derecha is common and means to the right or on the right. As an adjective, derecho (and derived forms derecha, derechos and derechas) can mean right (the opposite of left, as in el lado derecho, the right side), upright (as in el palo derecho, the upright pole), and straight (as in là ­nea derecha, straight line). Usually the context will make the meaning clear. Except in bad Spanglish, derecho as an adjective does not mean correct. As an adverb, the form is derecho. It typically means straight ahead or in a straight line as in anduvieron derecho, they walked straight ahead. Sample Sentences Here are some examples of these words in use: No tienes el derecho de iniciar la fuerza contra la vida, libertad, o propiedad de otros. (You dont have the right to initiate the use of force against the life, liberty or property of others.)Estos cambios pueden tener un impacto negativo contra los derechos al voto de minorà ­as raciales. (These changes can have a negative effect against the voting rights of racial minorities.)Queremos el derecho a decidir para toda la gente. (We want the right to decide for all the people.)Como consecuencia de este incidente sufrià ³ una herida grave en el ojo derecho. (As a result of this incident he suffered a serious injury in his right eye.)El coche es caro, pero no me funciona la luz de cruce derecha. (The car is expensive, but the right turn signal doesnt work for me.)El espejo derecho no es obligatorio salvo que algo nos obstaculice el uso del espejo interior. (The right-side mirror isnt mandatory unless something blocks our use of the interior mirror.)Siguià ³ derecho por un tiempo ante s de que parara. (She continued straight ahead for some time before she stopped.) Nunca he negado que hay diferente tipos de derechas. (I have never denied there are different types of conservatives.)Espero que la pared de la cocina està © derecha. (I hope the kitchen wall is straight up and down.)Gire a la derecha desde la rampa de salida. (Turn to the right from the exit ramp.)Por tradicià ³n el guila de la bandera mira a la derecha. (Traditionally, the eagle on the flag looks to the right.) If You Need To Say ‘Left’ Whether referring to physical direction or politics, the noun form for left is izquierda. The adjective form is izquierdo and its variations for number and gender. Zurdo is the adjective usually used to refer to someone who is left-handed. Some sample sentences: Sufro de constante inflamacià ³n en el ojo izquierdo. (I constantly suffer from inflammation in my left eye.)Se dice que un partido es de la izquierda cuando tiende a buscar una mayor distribucià ³n de las riquezas. (They say that a party is from the left when it tends to pursue a greater distribution of wealth.)La imagen a la izquierda muestra la rotacià ³n del planeta. (The image on the left shows the planets rotation.)Fue designado como mejor atleta zurdo del paà ­s. (He was named the countrys best left-handed athlete.) Key Takeaways As an adjective, derecho (and its feminine and plural forms) can mean the opposite of left as well as upright or straight, and it can also serve as an adverb to refer to action straight ahead.But as a noun, el derecho never refers to a direction. but to an entitlement.The noun form for something on the right (opposite of left) side is derecha.

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Cost Analysis for Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cost Analysis for Decision Making - Essay Example will continue making the containers and performing maintenance.)   Alternative B: Liquid Chemical Co. will continue making the containers, but it will outsource the maintenance to Packages, Inc.   Alternative C: Liquid Chemical Co. will buy containers from Packages, Inc., but it will perform the maintenance.   Alternative D: It is completely outsourced. Packages, Inc. will make the containers and provide the necessary maintenance Alternative A: In case if Liquid Chemical Company opt this alternative in which it will continue to make containers and performing simultaneously, the company will have to incur all the necessary costs as all those costs would be relevant costs needed to make and maintain the current production. Relevant costs pertaining to this particular alternative are full material costs amounting to $500,000, full labor cost which includes cost of supervisors and workers amounting to $500,000 cumulatively. Moreover, the full departmental costs of Dyers’ tha t amounts to $358,000 would also be a part of this alternative. Overall, this alternative would incur $1,717,000. The costs that are not relevant to this particular alternative are contract costs to Packages Inc in relation to maintenance and container, severance cost and pension cost. The advantage of this alternative is that the company will have control over its production pattern, job security of Dyer’s departmental workers etc. ... There will be a reduction of $50,000 in material cost, $90,000 in labor cost and $65,000 in departmental overhead costs. But additional $375,000 contract cost need to be incurred as a result of outsourcing the maintenance task. The main advantage of this alternative is that the company would be in a better position to concentrate on its core activity of making the containers and outsource the secondary activity of maintenance. The disadvantage of this alternative is that it is more costly than alternative A resulting in addition of $188,500. Alternative C: This alternative requires that Packages Inc. should provide containers to Liquid Chemical Company but the Liquid Company should perform the maintenance. This alternative would lead to substantial cost reductions in terms of material, labor and overheads including the departmental head’s salary of $80,000 as his services will no longer be required because of closure of this department. However, he would be compensated by tran sferring to some other department. The main contract fee of providing the containers that amounts to around $1,250,000 would be the most relevant cost in this regard. Overall, this alternative is more costly than previous two alternatives incurring around $1.6m. Alternative D: The final alternative provides Liquid Chemical Company to outsource both making of containers as well as performing maintenance services. This alternative would result in vanishing of all material, labor and overhead costs. At the same time the huge costs relating to contract fees, severance and pension would make this alternative as the most costly alternative as a whole. This alternative would snatch the control of Liquid Chemical Company over the quantity and quality of the desired level. Part